Mosmann, T. R., Cherwinski, H., Bond, M. W., Giedlin, M. A. & Coffman, R. L. Two types of murine helper T cell clone. I. Definition according to profiles of lymphokine activities and secreted proteins. J. Immunol. 136, 2348–2357 (1986).
Google Scholar
Suzuki, Y., Orellana, M. A., Schreiber, R. D. & Remington, J. S. Interferon-gamma: the major mediator of resistance against Toxoplasma gondii. Science 240, 516–518 (1988).
Google Scholar
Mosmann, T. R. & Coffman, R. L. TH1 and TH2 cells: different patterns of lymphokine secretion lead to different functional properties. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 7, 145–173 (1989).
Google Scholar
Harris, N. L. & Loke, P. Recent advances in type-2-cell-mediated immunity: insights from helminth infection. Immunity 47, 1024–1036 (2017).
Google Scholar
Allen, J. E. IL-4 and IL-13: regulators and effectors of wound repair. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 41, 229–254 (2023).
Google Scholar
Jenkins, S. J. et al. Local macrophage proliferation, rather than recruitment from the blood, is a signature of TH2 inflammation. Science 332, 1284–1288 (2011).
Google Scholar
LaMarche, N. M. et al. An IL-4 signalling axis in bone marrow drives pro-tumorigenic myelopoiesis. Nature 625, 166–174 (2024).
Google Scholar
Condeelis, J. & Pollard, J. W. Macrophages: obligate partners for tumor cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. Cell 124, 263–266 (2006).
Google Scholar
Gieseck, R. L. 3rd, Wilson, M. S. & Wynn, T. A. Type 2 immunity in tissue repair and fibrosis. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 18, 62–76 (2018).
Google Scholar
Zaiss, D. M. W., Pearce, E. J., Artis, D., McKenzie, A. N. J. & Klose, C. S. N. Cooperation of ILC2s and TH2 cells in the expulsion of intestinal helminth parasites. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 24, 294–302 (2024).
Google Scholar
Katona, I. M., Urban, J. F. Jr & Finkelman, F. D. The role of L3T4+ and Lyt-2+ T cells in the IgE response and immunity to Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. J. Immunol. 140, 3206–3211 (1988).
Google Scholar
Urban, J. F. Jr, Katona, I. M., Paul, W. E. & Finkelman, F. D. Interleukin 4 is important in protective immunity to a gastrointestinal nematode infection in mice. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 88, 5513–5517 (1991).
Google Scholar
Else, K. J. & Grencis, R. K. Antibody-independent effector mechanisms in resistance to the intestinal nematode parasite Trichuris muris. Infect. Immun. 64, 2950–2954 (1996).
Google Scholar
Moro, K. et al. Innate production of TH2 cytokines by adipose tissue-associated c-Kit+Sca-1+ lymphoid cells. Nature 463, 540–544 (2010).
Google Scholar
Neill, D. R. et al. Nuocytes represent a new innate effector leukocyte that mediates type-2 immunity. Nature 464, 1367–1370 (2010).
Google Scholar
Price, A. E. et al. Systemically dispersed innate IL-13-expressing cells in type 2 immunity. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107, 11489–11494 (2010). References 14–16 identified ILC2s as natural helper cells, nuocytes and innate helper type 2 cells, respectively.
Google Scholar
Koyasu, S., Moro, K., Tanabe, M. & Takeuchi, T. Natural helper cells: a new player in the innate immune response against helminth infection. Adv. Immunol. 108, 21–44 (2010).
Google Scholar
Molofsky, A. B. & Locksley, R. M. The ins and outs of innate and adaptive type 2 immunity. Immunity 56, 704–722 (2023).
Google Scholar
Rak, G. D. et al. IL-33-dependent group 2 innate lymphoid cells promote cutaneous wound healing. J. Invest. Dermatol. 136, 487–496 (2016). This study highlights the involevemnt of ILC2s in cutaneous wound healing.
Google Scholar
Shimokawa, C. et al. Mast cells are crucial for induction of group 2 innate lymphoid cells and clearance of helminth infections. Immunity 46, 863–874.e864 (2017). This study identified the role of mast cells in the clearance of helminths.
Google Scholar
Chang, C. Y. et al. Tumor suppressor p53 regulates intestinal type 2 immunity. Nat. Commun. 12, 3371 (2021). This study uncovered the role of the tumour supressor p53 in regulating intestinal type 2 immunity against parasitic infections.
Google Scholar
Nausch, N. et al. Group 2 innate lymphoid cell proportions are diminished in young helminth infected children and restored by curative anti-helminthic treatment. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 9, e0003627 (2015).
Google Scholar
Brindley, P. J., da Costa, J. M. C. & Sripa, B. Why does infection with some helminths cause cancer? Trends Cancer 1, 174–182 (2015).
Google Scholar
Brindley, P. J. & Loukas, A. Helminth infection-induced malignancy. PLoS Pathog. 13, e1006393 (2017).
Google Scholar
Haswell-Elkins, M. R. et al. Liver fluke infection and cholangiocarcinoma: model of endogenous nitric oxide and extragastric nitrosation in human carcinogenesis. Mutat. Res. 305, 241–252 (1994).
Google Scholar
Vijg, J. & Dong, X. Pathogenic mechanisms of somatic mutation and genome mosaicism in aging. Cell 182, 12–23 (2020).
Google Scholar
Nishimura, T. et al. Evolutionary histories of breast cancer and related clones. Nature 620, 607–614 (2023).
Google Scholar
Chan-On, W. et al. Exome sequencing identifies distinct mutational patterns in liver fluke-related and non-infection-related bile duct cancers. Nat. Genet. 45, 1474–1478 (2013).
Google Scholar
Jusakul, A., Kongpetch, S. & Teh, B. T. Genetics of Opisthorchis viverrini-related cholangiocarcinoma. Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. 31, 258–263 (2015).
Google Scholar
Gouveia, M. J. et al. Estrogen-like metabolites and DNA-adducts in urogenital schistosomiasis-associated bladder cancer. Cancer Lett. 359, 226–232 (2015).
Google Scholar
Chala, B. et al. Development of urinary bladder pre-neoplasia by Schistosoma haematobium eggs and chemical carcinogen in mice. Korean J. Parasitol. 55, 21–29 (2017).
Google Scholar
Palfree, R. G., Bennett, H. P. & Bateman, A. The evolution of the secreted regulatory protein progranulin. PLoS ONE 10, e0133749 (2015).
Google Scholar
Smout, M. J. et al. A granulin-like growth factor secreted by the carcinogenic liver fluke, Opisthorchis viverrini, promotes proliferation of host cells. PLoS Pathog. 5, e1000611 (2009).
Google Scholar
Chaiyadet, S. et al. Knockout of liver fluke granulin, Ov-grn-1, impedes malignant transformation during chronic infection with Opisthorchis viverrini. PLoS Pathog. 18, e1010839 (2022).
Google Scholar
Haugen, B. et al. Granulin secreted by the food-borne liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini promotes angiogenesis in human endothelial cells. Front. Med. 5, 30 (2018).
Google Scholar
Otaki, N. et al. Activation of ILC2s through constitutive IFNγ signaling reduction leads to spontaneous pulmonary fibrosis. Nat. Commun. 14, 8120 (2023). This study established a novel mouse model for pulmonary fibrosis and uncovered the role of ILC2s in the disease onset.
Google Scholar
Gieseck, R. L. 3rd et al. Interleukin-13 activates distinct cellular pathways leading to ductular reaction, steatosis, and fibrosis. Immunity 45, 145–158 (2016).
Google Scholar
O’Reilly, S., Ciechomska, M., Fullard, N., Przyborski, S. & van Laar, J. M. IL-13 mediates collagen deposition via STAT6 and microRNA-135b: a role for epigenetics. Sci. Rep. 6, 25066 (2016).
Google Scholar
Simoes, F. C. et al. Macrophages directly contribute collagen to scar formation during zebrafish heart regeneration and mouse heart repair. Nat. Commun. 11, 600 (2020).
Google Scholar
Lee, C. G. et al. Interleukin-13 induces tissue fibrosis by selectively stimulating and activating transforming growth factor β1. J. Exp. Med. 194, 809–821 (2001).
Google Scholar
Theocharidis, G. et al. Type VI collagen regulates dermal matrix assembly and fibroblast motility. J. Invest. Dermatol. 136, 74–83 (2016).
Google Scholar
Costain, A. H., MacDonald, A. S. & Smits, H. H. Schistosome egg migration: mechanisms, pathogenesis and host immune responses. Front. Immunol. 9, 3042 (2018).
Google Scholar
Zhang, J. et al. Fibroblast-specific protein 1/S100A4-positive cells prevent carcinoma through collagen production and encapsulation of carcinogens. Cancer Res. 73, 2770–2781 (2013).
Google Scholar
Yang, D., Liu, J., Qian, H. & Zhuang, Q. Cancer-associated fibroblasts: from basic science to anticancer therapy. Exp. Mol. Med. 55, 1322–1332 (2023).
Google Scholar
Kalluri, R. The biology and function of fibroblasts in cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer 16, 582–598 (2016).
Google Scholar
Mizutani, Y. et al. Meflin-positive cancer-associated fibroblasts inhibit pancreatic carcinogenesis. Cancer Res. 79, 5367–5381 (2019).
Google Scholar
Patel, A. K. et al. A subtype of cancer-associated fibroblasts with lower expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin suppresses stemness through BMP4 in oral carcinoma. Oncogenesis 7, 78 (2018).
Google Scholar
Pallangyo, C. K., Ziegler, P. K. & Greten, F. R. IKKβ acts as a tumor suppressor in cancer-associated fibroblasts during intestinal tumorigenesis. J. Exp. Med. 212, 2253–2266 (2015).
Google Scholar
Wang, Z. et al. Cancer-associated fibroblasts suppress cancer development: the other side of the coin. Front. Cell Dev. Biol. 9, 613534 (2021).
Google Scholar
Yeoh, W. J., Vu, V. P. & Krebs, P. IL-33 biology in cancer: an update and future perspectives. Cytokine 157, 155961 (2022).
Google Scholar
Ma, Y., Hwang, R. F., Logsdon, C. D. & Ullrich, S. E. Dynamic mast cell–stromal cell interactions promote growth of pancreatic cancer. Cancer Res. 73, 3927–3937 (2013).
Google Scholar
Schuler, T., Kornig, S. & Blankenstein, T. Tumor rejection by modulation of tumor stromal fibroblasts. J. Exp. Med. 198, 1487–1493 (2003).
Google Scholar
Demehri, S. et al. Elevated epidermal thymic stromal lymphopoietin levels establish an antitumor environment in the skin. Cancer Cell 22, 494–505 (2012).
Google Scholar
Di Piazza, M., Nowell, C. S., Koch, U., Durham, A. D. & Radtke, F. Loss of cutaneous TSLP-dependent immune responses skews the balance of inflammation from tumor protective to tumor promoting. Cancer Cell 22, 479–493 (2012).
Google Scholar
Demehri, S. et al. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin blocks early stages of breast carcinogenesis. J. Clin. Invest. 126, 1458–1470 (2016).
Google Scholar
Furuta, S. et al. IL-25 causes apoptosis of IL-25R-expressing breast cancer cells without toxicity to nonmalignant cells. Sci. Transl. Med. 3, 78ra31 (2011).
Google Scholar
Kim, J. et al. Intratumorally establishing type 2 innate lymphoid cells blocks tumor growth. J. Immunol. 196, 2410–2423 (2016).
Google Scholar
Hung, K. et al. The central role of CD4+ T cells in the antitumor immune response. J. Exp. Med. 188, 2357–2368 (1998).
Google Scholar
Bosco, M. et al. Low doses of IL-4 injected perilymphatically in tumor-bearing mice inhibit the growth of poorly and apparently nonimmunogenic tumors and induce a tumor-specific immune memory. J. Immunol. 145, 3136–3143 (1990).
Google Scholar
Modesti, A. et al. Ultrastructural evidence of the mechanisms responsible for interleukin-4-activated rejection of a spontaneous murine adenocarcinoma. Int. J. Cancer 53, 988–993 (1993). References 59 and 60 revealed that IL-4 has a role in tumour rejection in mouse models.
Google Scholar
Pericle, F. et al. An efficient Th2-type memory follows CD8+ lymphocyte-driven and eosinophil-mediated rejection of a spontaneous mouse mammary adenocarcinoma engineered to release IL-4. J. Immunol. 153, 5659–5673 (1994).
Google Scholar
Wolf, M. T. et al. A biologic scaffold-associated type 2 immune microenvironment inhibits tumor formation and synergizes with checkpoint immunotherapy. Sci. Transl. Med. 11, eaat7973 (2019).
Google Scholar
Simson, L. et al. Regulation of carcinogenesis by IL-5 and CCL11: a potential role for eosinophils in tumor immune surveillance. J. Immunol. 178, 4222–4229 (2007).
Google Scholar
Ikutani, M. et al. Identification of innate IL-5-producing cells and their role in lung eosinophil regulation and antitumor immunity. J. Immunol. 188, 703–713 (2012).
Google Scholar
Dalessandri, T., Crawford, G., Hayes, M., Castro Seoane, R. & Strid, J. IL-13 from intraepithelial lymphocytes regulates tissue homeostasis and protects against carcinogenesis in the skin. Nat. Commun. 7, 12080 (2016).
Google Scholar
Volpert, O. V. et al. Inhibition of angiogenesis by interleukin 4. J. Exp. Med. 188, 1039–1046 (1998).
Google Scholar
Haas, C. S. et al. Inhibition of angiogenesis by interleukin-4 gene therapy in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 54, 2402–2414 (2006).
Google Scholar
Haas, C. S. et al. In vivo inhibition of angiogenesis by interleukin-13 gene therapy in a rat model of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 56, 2535–2548 (2007).
Google Scholar
Waldman, A. D., Fritz, J. M. & Lenardo, M. J. A guide to cancer immunotherapy: from T cell basic science to clinical practice. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 20, 651–668 (2020).
Google Scholar
Chen, D. S. & Mellman, I. Elements of cancer immunity and the cancer-immune set point. Nature 541, 321–330 (2017).
Google Scholar
Nishimura, T. et al. Distinct role of antigen-specific T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th2 cells in tumor eradication in vivo. J. Exp. Med. 190, 617–627 (1999).
Google Scholar
Jacenik, D., Karagiannidis, I. & Beswick, E. J. Th2 cells inhibit growth of colon and pancreas cancers by promoting anti-tumorigenic responses from macrophages and eosinophils. Br. J. Cancer 128, 387–397 (2023).
Google Scholar
Mattes, J. et al. Immunotherapy of cytotoxic T cell-resistant tumors by T helper 2 cells: an eotaxin and STAT6-dependent process. J. Exp. Med. 197, 387–393 (2003).
Google Scholar
Lorvik, K. B. et al. Adoptive transfer of tumor-specific Th2 cells eradicates tumors by triggering an in situ inflammatory immune response. Cancer Res. 76, 6864–6876 (2016).
Google Scholar
Cassetta, L. & Pollard, J. W. A timeline of tumour-associated macrophage biology. Nat. Rev. Cancer 23, 238–257 (2023).
Google Scholar
Liu, M. et al. TGFβ suppresses type 2 immunity to cancer. Nature 587, 115–120 (2020).
Google Scholar
Vivier, E. et al. Innate lymphoid cells: 10 years on. Cell 174, 1054–1066 (2018). This review addresses the field of innate lymphoid cells.
Google Scholar
Wagner, M., Moro, K. & Koyasu, S. Plastic heterogeneity of innate lymphoid cells in cancer. Trends Cancer 3, 326–335 (2017).
Google Scholar
Xu, X. Y. et al. Group-2 innate lymphoid cells promote HCC progression through CXCL2–neutrophil-induced immunosuppression. Hepatology 74, 2526–2543 (2021).
Google Scholar
Heinrich, B. et al. The tumour microenvironment shapes innate lymphoid cells in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Gut 71, 1161–1175 (2022).
Google Scholar
Wagner, M. & Koyasu, S. Cancer immunoediting by innate lymphoid cells. Trends Immunol. 40, 415–430 (2019).
Google Scholar
Wang, S. et al. Transdifferentiation of tumor infiltrating innate lymphoid cells during progression of colorectal cancer. Cell Res. 30, 610–622 (2020).
Google Scholar
Huang, Q. et al. Type 2 innate lymphoid cells protect against colorectal cancer progression and predict improved patient survival. Cancers 13, 559 (2021).
Google Scholar
Moral, J. A. et al. ILC2s amplify PD-1 blockade by activating tissue-specific cancer immunity. Nature 579, 130–135 (2020).
Google Scholar
Li, Z. et al. Therapeutic application of human type 2 innate lymphoid cells via induction of granzyme B-mediated tumor cell death. Cell 187, 624–641.e623 (2024).
Google Scholar
Wagner, M. & Koyasu, S. Innate lymphoid cells in skin homeostasis and malignancy. Front. Immunol. 12, 758522 (2021).
Google Scholar
Wagner, M. & Koyasu, S. Cancer immunosurveillance by ILC2s. Trends Cancer 8, 792–794 (2022).
Google Scholar
Jang, Y. et al. UVB induces HIF-1α-dependent TSLP expression via the JNK and ERK pathways. J. Invest. Dermatol. 133, 2601–2608 (2013).
Google Scholar
Meephansan, J., Komine, M., Tsuda, H., Tominaga, S. & Ohtsuki, M. Ultraviolet B irradiation induces the expression of IL-33 mRNA and protein in normal human epidermal keratinocytes. J. Dermatol. Sci. 65, 72–74 (2012).
Google Scholar
Kopp, E. B., Agaronyan, K., Licona-Limon, I., Nish, S. A. & Medzhitov, R. Modes of type 2 immune response initiation. Immunity 56, 687–694 (2023).
Google Scholar
Wagner, M. et al. Tumor-derived lactic acid contributes to the paucity of intratumoral ILC2s. Cell Rep. 30, 2743–2757.e2745 (2020). This study highlights the tumoricidal potential of ILC2s and the mechanism of tumour evasion in primary melanoma.
Google Scholar
Howard, E. et al. PD-1 blockade on tumor microenvironment-resident ILC2s promotes TNF-α production and restricts progression of metastatic melanoma. Front. Immunol. 12, 733136 (2021).
Google Scholar
Niu, H. et al. LKB1 prevents ILC2 exhaustion to enhance antitumor immunity. Cell Rep. 43, 113579 (2024).
Google Scholar
Wang, X. et al. Dopamine receptor 1 impedes ILC2-mediated antitumor immunity. J. Immunol. 211, 1418–1425 (2023).
Google Scholar
Jacquelot, N. et al. Blockade of the co-inhibitory molecule PD-1 unleashes ILC2-dependent antitumor immunity in melanoma. Nat. Immunol. 22, 851–864 (2021).
Google Scholar
Grisaru-Tal, S., Rothenberg, M. E. & Munitz, A. Eosinophil–lymphocyte interactions in the tumor microenvironment and cancer immunotherapy. Nat. Immunol. 23, 1309–1316 (2022).
Google Scholar
Van Overmeire, E. et al. M-CSF and GM-CSF receptor signaling differentially regulate monocyte maturation and macrophage polarization in the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Res. 76, 35–42 (2016).
Google Scholar
Spits, H. & Mjosberg, J. Heterogeneity of type 2 innate lymphoid cells. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 22, 701–712 (2022).
Google Scholar
Bald, T., Wagner, M., Gao, Y., Koyasu, S. & Smyth, M. J. Hide and seek: plasticity of innate lymphoid cells in cancer. Semin. Immunol. 41, 101273 (2019).
Google Scholar
Bal, S. M., Golebski, K. & Spits, H. Plasticity of innate lymphoid cell subsets. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 20, 552–565 (2020).
Google Scholar
Ricardo-Gonzalez, R. R. et al. Tissue signals imprint ILC2 identity with anticipatory function. Nat. Immunol. 19, 1093–1099 (2018).
Google Scholar
Lucarini, V. et al. IL-33 restricts tumor growth and inhibits pulmonary metastasis in melanoma-bearing mice through eosinophils. Oncoimmunology 6, e1317420 (2017).
Google Scholar
Rosenberg, H. F., Dyer, K. D. & Foster, P. S. Eosinophils: changing perspectives in health and disease. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 13, 9–22 (2013).
Google Scholar
Grisaru-Tal, S., Itan, M., Klion, A. D. & Munitz, A. A new dawn for eosinophils in the tumour microenvironment. Nat. Rev. Cancer 20, 594–607 (2020).
Google Scholar
Legrand, F. et al. Human eosinophils exert TNF-α and granzyme A-mediated tumoricidal activity toward colon carcinoma cells. J. Immunol. 185, 7443–7451 (2010).
Google Scholar
Carretero, R. et al. Eosinophils orchestrate cancer rejection by normalizing tumor vessels and enhancing infiltration of CD8+ T cells. Nat. Immunol. 16, 609–617 (2015). This study highlights the tumoricidal potential of eosinophils through the normalization of blood vessels.
Google Scholar
Dorta, R. G. et al. Tumour-associated tissue eosinophilia as a prognostic factor in oral squamous cell carcinomas. Histopathology 41, 152–157 (2002).
Google Scholar
Fernandez-Acenero, M. J., Galindo-Gallego, M., Sanz, J. & Aljama, A. Prognostic influence of tumor-associated eosinophilic infiltrate in colorectal carcinoma. Cancer 88, 1544–1548 (2000).
Google Scholar
Sosman, J. A. et al. Evidence for eosinophil activation in cancer patients receiving recombinant interleukin-4: effects of interleukin-4 alone and following interleukin-2 administration. Clin. Cancer Res. 1, 805–812 (1995).
Google Scholar
Moreira, A., Leisgang, W., Schuler, G. & Heinzerling, L. Eosinophilic count as a biomarker for prognosis of melanoma patients and its importance in the response to immunotherapy. Immunotherapy 9, 115–121 (2017).
Google Scholar
Blomberg, O. S. et al. IL-5-producing CD4+ T cells and eosinophils cooperate to enhance response to immune checkpoint blockade in breast cancer. Cancer Cell 41, 106–123.e110 (2023).
Google Scholar
Hollande, C. et al. Inhibition of the dipeptidyl peptidase DPP4 (CD26) reveals IL-33-dependent eosinophil-mediated contαol of tumor growth. Nat. Immunol. 20, 257–264 (2019).
Google Scholar
Laumont, C. M., Banville, A. C., Gilardi, M., Hollern, D. P. & Nelson, B. H. Tumour-infiltrating B cells: immunological mechanisms, clinical impact and therapeutic opportunities. Nat. Rev. Cancer 22, 414–430 (2022).
Google Scholar
Kasikova, L. et al. Tertiary lymphoid structures and B cells determine clinically relevant T cell phenotypes in ovarian cancer. Nat. Commun. 15, 2528 (2024).
Google Scholar
Sautes-Fridman, C., Petitprez, F., Calderaro, J. & Fridman, W. H. Tertiary lymphoid structures in the era of cancer immunotherapy. Nat. Rev. Cancer 19, 307–325 (2019).
Google Scholar
Mukai, K., Tsai, M., Starkl, P., Marichal, T. & Galli, S. J. IgE and mast cells in host defense against parasites and venoms. Semin. Immunopathol. 38, 581–603 (2016).
Google Scholar
Jensen-Jarolim, E. et al. AllergoOncology—the impact of allergy in oncology: EAACI position paper. Allergy 72, 866–887 (2017).
Google Scholar
Ly, D., Zhu, C. Q., Cabanero, M., Tsao, M. S. & Zhang, L. Role for high-affinity IgE receptor in prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma patients. Cancer Immunol. Res. 5, 821–829 (2017).
Google Scholar
Siiskonen, H. et al. Low numbers of tryptase+ and chymase+ mast cells associated with reduced survival and advanced tumor stage in melanoma. Melanoma Res. 25, 479–485 (2015).
Google Scholar
Ferastraoaru, D. et al. AllergoOncology: ultra-low IgE, a potential novel biomarker in cancer–a position paper of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI). Clin. Transl. Allergy 10, 32 (2020).
Google Scholar
Spranger, S. & Gajewski, T. Rational combinations of immunotherapeutics that target discrete pathways. J. Immunother. Cancer 1, 16 (2013).
Google Scholar
Kumagai, S., Itahashi, K. & Nishikawa, H. Regulatory T cell-mediated immunosuppression orchestrated by cancer: towards an immuno-genomic paradigm for precision medicine. Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 21, 337–353 (2024). This study provides a new concept of carcinogenesis called ‘immuno-genomic cancer evolution’.
Google Scholar
Bai, Z. et al. Single-cell CAR T atlas reveals type 2 function in 8-year leukaemia remission. Nature 634, 702–711 (2024).
Feng, B. et al. The type 2 cytokine Fc–IL-4 revitalizes exhausted CD8+T cells against cancer. Nature 634, 712–720 (2024).
