Rubinstein, S. M., Cohen, G. & Fineberg, J. Detachment fronts and the onset of dynamic friction. Nature 430, 1005–1009 (2004).
Google Scholar
Xia, K., Rosakis, A. J. & Kanamori, H. Laboratory earthquakes: the sub-Rayleigh-to-supershear rupture transition. Science 303, 1859–1861 (2004).
Google Scholar
Passelègue, F. X. et al. Initial effective stress controls the nature of earthquakes. Nat. Commun. 11, 5132 (2020).
Google Scholar
Schubnel, A., Nielsen, S., Taddeucci, J., Vinciguerra, S. & Rao, S. Photo-acoustic study of subshear and supershear ruptures in the laboratory. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 308, 424–432 (2011).
Google Scholar
Svetlizky, I. & Fineberg, J. Classical shear cracks drive the onset of dry frictional motion. Nature 509, 205–208 (2014).
Google Scholar
Wu, B. S. & McLaskey, G. C. Contained laboratory earthquakes ranging from slow to fast. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 124, 10270–10291 (2019).
Google Scholar
Xu, S., Fukuyama, E. & Yamashita, F. Robust estimation of rupture properties at propagating front of laboratory earthquakes. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 124, 766–787 (2019).
Google Scholar
Byerlee, J. D. & Brace, W. F. Stick slip, stable sliding, and earthquakes-effect of rock type, pressure, strain rate, and stiffness. J. Geophys. Res. 73, 6031–6037 (1968).
Google Scholar
Scholz, C. H. The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting 3rd edn (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2019).
Ohnaka, M. & Shen, L.-F. Scaling of the shear rupture process from nucleation to dynamic propagation: Implications of geometric irregularity of the rupturing surfaces. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 104, 817–844 (1999).
Google Scholar
Latour, S., Schubnel, A., Nielsen, S., Madariaga, R. & Vinciguerra, S. Characterization of nucleation during laboratory earthquakes. Geophys. Res. Lett. 40, 5064–5069 (2013).
Google Scholar
Dresen, G., Kwiatek, G., Goebel, T. & Ben-Zion, Y. Seismic and aseismic preparatory processes before large stick-slip failure. Pure Appl. Geophys. 177, 5741–5760 (2020).
Google Scholar
Popov, V. L., Grzemba, B., Starcevic, J. & Fabry, C. Accelerated creep as a precursor of friction instability and earthquake prediction. Phys. Mesomech. 13, 283–291 (2010).
Google Scholar
Lapusta, N. & Rice, J. R. Nucleation and early seismic propagation of small and large events in a crustal earthquake model. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 108, 2205 (2003).
Google Scholar
Uenishi, K. & Rice, J. R. Universal nucleation length for slip-weakening rupture instability under nonuniform fault loading. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 108, 2042 (2003).
Google Scholar
Hulbert, C. et al. Similarity of fast and slow earthquakes illuminated by machine learning. Nat. Geosci. 12, 69–74 (2019).
Google Scholar
Leeman, J. R., Marone, C. & Saffer, D. M. Frictional mechanics of slow earthquakes. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 123, 7931–7949 (2018).
Google Scholar
Gvirtzman, S. & Fineberg, J. Nucleation fronts ignite the interface rupture that initiates frictional motion. Nat. Phys. 17, 1037–1042 (2021).
Google Scholar
Gvirtzman, S. & Fineberg, J. The initiation of frictional motion–the nucleation dynamics of frictional ruptures. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 128, e2022JB025483 (2023).
Google Scholar
Weng, H. & Ampuero, J.-P. The dynamics of elongated earthquake ruptures. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 124, 8584–8610 (2019).
Google Scholar
Weng, H. & Ampuero, J.-P. Integrated rupture mechanics for slow slip events and earthquakes. Nat. Commun. 13, 7327 (2022).
Google Scholar
Freund, L. B. Dynamic Fracture Mechanics (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1998).
Broberg, K. B. Cracks and Fracture (Academic Press, 1999).
Palmer, A. C. & Rice, J. R. The growth of slip surfaces in the progressive failure of over-consolidated clay. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 332, 527–548 (1973).
Google Scholar
Barras, F. et al. Emergence of cracklike behavior of frictional rupture: The origin of stress drops. Phys. Rev. X 9, 041043 (2019).
Google Scholar
Barras, F. et al. The emergence of crack-like behavior of frictional rupture: Edge singularity and energy balance. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 531, 115978 (2020).
Google Scholar
Kostrov, B. Selfsimilar problems of propagation of shear cracks. J. Appl. Math Mech. 28, 1077–1087 (1964).
Google Scholar
Kanamori, H. & Brodsky, E. E. The physics of earthquakes. Rep. Prog. Phys. 67, 1429–1498 (2004).
Google Scholar
Viesca, R. C. & Garagash, D. I. Ubiquitous weakening of faults due to thermal pressurization. Nat. Geosci. 8, 875–879 (2015).
Google Scholar
Mello, M., Bhat, H. S. & Rosakis, A. J. Spatiotemporal properties of Sub-Rayleigh and supershear rupture velocity fields: Theory and experiments. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 93, 153–181 (2016).
Google Scholar
Svetlizky, I., Kammer, D. S., Bayart, E., Cohen, G. & Fineberg, J. Brittle fracture theory predicts the equation of motion of frictional rupture fronts. Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 125501 (2017).
Google Scholar
Kammer, D. S., Svetlizky, I., Cohen, G. & Fineberg, J. The equation of motion for supershear frictional rupture fronts. Sci. Adv. 4, eaat5622 (2018).
Google Scholar
Bayart, E., Svetlizky, I. & Fineberg, J. Fracture mechanics determine the lengths of interface ruptures that mediate frictional motion. Nat. Phys. 12, 166–170 (2016).
Google Scholar
Bayart, E., Svetlizky, I. & Fineberg, J. Rupture dynamics of heterogeneous frictional interfaces. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 123, 3828–3848 (2018).
Google Scholar
Paglialunga, F., Passelègue, F., Lebihain, M. & Violay, M. Frictional weakening leads to unconventional singularities during dynamic rupture propagation. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 626, 118550 (2024).
Google Scholar
Brener, E. A. & Bouchbinder, E. Unconventional singularities and energy balance in frictional rupture. Nat. Commun. 12, 2585 (2021).
Google Scholar
Ben-David, O., Cohen, G. & Fineberg, J. The dynamics of the onset of frictional slip. Science 330, 211–214 (2010).
Google Scholar
Gori, M., Rubino, V., Rosakis, A. J. & Lapusta, N. Dynamic rupture initiation and propagation in a fluid-injection laboratory setup with diagnostics across multiple temporal scales. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 118, e2023433118 (2021).
Google Scholar
Marone, C. in The Spectrum of Fault Slip Modes from Elastodynamic Rupture to Slow Earthquakes (eds Bizzarri, A. et al.) Mechanics of Earthquake Faulting, Vol. 202, 81–94 (IOS Press, 2019).
Guérin-Marthe, S., Nielsen, S., Bird, R., Giani, S. & Di Toro, G. Earthquake nucleation size: evidence of loading rate dependence in laboratory faults. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 124, 689–708 (2019).
Google Scholar
Fukuyama, E. et al. Spatiotemporal complexity of 2-D rupture nucleation process observed by direct monitoring during large-scale biaxial rock friction experiments. Tectonophysics 733, 182–192 (2018).
Google Scholar
McLaskey, G. C. Earthquake initiation from laboratory observations and implications for foreshocks. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 124, 12882–12904 (2019).
Google Scholar
Cebry, S. B. L. & McLaskey, G. C. Seismic swarms produced by rapid fluid injection into a low permeability laboratory fault. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 557, 116726 (2021).
Google Scholar
Dieterich, J. H. Earthquake Nucleation on Faults with Rate-Dependent and State-Dependent Strength. Tectonophysics 211, 115–134 (1992).
Google Scholar
Ray, S. & Viesca, R. C. Earthquake nucleation on faults with heterogeneous frictional properties, normal stress. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 122, 8214–8240 (2017).
Google Scholar
Rubin, A. M. & Ampuero, J.-P. Earthquake nucleation on (aging) rate and state faults. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 110, B11312 (2005).
Google Scholar
Castellano, M., Lorez, F. & Kammer, D. S. Nucleation of frictional slip: a yielding or a fracture process? J. Mech. Phys. Solids 173, 105193 (2023).
Google Scholar
Chen, T. & Lapusta, N. On behaviour and scaling of small repeating earthquakes in rate and state fault models. Geophys. J. Int. 218, 2001–2018 (2019).
Google Scholar
Dal Zilio, L., Lapusta, N. & Avouac, J.-P. Unraveling scaling properties of slow-slip events. Geophys. Res. Lett. 47, e2020GL087477 (2020).
Google Scholar
Goldman, T., Livne, A. & Fineberg, J. Acquisition of inertia by a moving crack. Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 114301 (2010).
Google Scholar
Wang, M., Adda-Bedia, M., Kolinski, J. M. & Fineberg, J. How hidden 3d structure within crack fronts reveals energy balance. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 161, 104795 (2022).
Google Scholar
Vasudevan, A. et al. Adaptation of the tapered double cantilever beam test for the measurement of fracture energy and its variations with crack speed. Preprint at https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2101.04380 (2021).
Scheibert, J., Guerra, C., Célarié, F., Dalmas, D. & Bonamy, D. Brittle-quasibrittle transition in dynamic fracture: an energetic signature. Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 045501 (2010).
Google Scholar
Liu, Y. & Rice, J. R. Spontaneous and triggered aseismic deformation transients in a subduction fault model. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 112, B09404 (2007).
Google Scholar
Galis, M. et al. On the initiation of sustained slip-weakening ruptures by localized stresses. Geophys. J. Int. 200, 890–909 (2014).
Google Scholar
Liu, C. et al. Complex multi-fault rupture and triggering during the 2023 earthquake doublet in southeastern Türkiye. Nat. Commun. 14, 5564 (2023).
Google Scholar
Chen, K. et al. Cascading and pulse-like ruptures during the 2019 Ridgecrest earthquakes in the Eastern California shear zone. Nat. Commun. 11, 22 (2020).
Google Scholar