Seader, J. D., Henley, E. J. & Roper, D. K. Separation Process Principles (Wiley, 2011).
Baker, R. W. Membrane Technology and Applications (Wiley, 2023).
Davies, H. et al. Mutations of the BRAF gene in human cancer. Nature 417, 949–954 (2002).
Google Scholar
Welton, T. & Reichardt, C. Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry (Wiley, 2011).
Grover, P. K. & Ryall, R. L. Critical appraisal of salting-out and its implications for chemical and biological sciences. Chem. Rev. 105, 1–10 (2005).
Google Scholar
Boeynaems, S. et al. Protein phase separation: a new phase in cell biology. Trends Cell Biol. 28, 420–435 (2018).
Google Scholar
Arakawa, T. & Timasheff, S. N. Mechanism of protein salting in and salting out by divalent cation salts: balance between hydration and salt binding. Biochemistry 23, 5912–5923 (1984).
Google Scholar
Langmuir, I. The role of attractive and repulsive forces in the formation of tactoids, thixotropic gels, protein crystals and coacervates. J. Chem. Phys. 6, 873–896 (1938).
Google Scholar
Zhang, F. et al. Reentrant condensation, liquid–liquid phase separation and crystallization in protein solutions induced by multivalent metal ions. Pure Appl. Chem. 86, 191–202 (2014).
Google Scholar
Luisi, P. The Emergence of Life (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2006).
Banani, S. F., Lee, H. O., Hyman, A. A. & Rosen, M. K. Biomolecular condensates: organizers of cellular biochemistry. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 18, 285–298 (2017).
Google Scholar
Gouveia, B. et al. Capillary forces generated by biomolecular condensates. Nature 609, 255–264 (2022).
Google Scholar
Zarzar, L. D. et al. Dynamically reconfigurable complex emulsions via tunable interfacial tensions. Nature 518, 520–524 (2015).
Google Scholar
Nagelberg, S. et al. Reconfigurable and responsive droplet-based compound micro-lenses. Nat. Commun. 8, 14673 (2017).
Google Scholar
Goodling, A. E. et al. Colouration by total internal reflection and interference at microscale concave interfaces. Nature 566, 523–527 (2019).
Google Scholar
Concellón, A., Fong, D. & Swager, T. M. Complex liquid crystal emulsions for biosensing. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 143, 9177–9182 (2021).
Google Scholar
Cacace, M. G., Landau, E. M. & Ramsden, J. J. The Hofmeister series: salt and solvent effects on interfacial phenomena. Q. Rev. Biophys. 30, 241–277 (1997).
Google Scholar
Duong-Ly, K. C. & Gabelli, S. B. Salting out of proteins using ammonium sulfate precipitation. Methods Enzymol. 541, 85–94 (2014).
Google Scholar
Bailey, F. E. Jr. & Callard, R. W. Some properties of poly(ethylene oxide)1 in aqueous solution. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1, 56–62 (1959).
Google Scholar
Kim, C. W. & Rha, C. Phase separation of polyethylene glycol/salt aqueous two-phase systems. Phys. Chem. Liquids 38, 181–191 (2000).
Google Scholar
Chao, Y. & Shum, H. C. Emerging aqueous two-phase systems: from fundamentals of interfaces to biomedical applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 49, 114–142 (2020).
Google Scholar
Watanabe, C. et al. Cell-sized confinement initiates phase separation of polymer blends and promotes fractionation upon competitive membrane wetting. ACS Mater. Lett. 4, 1742–1748 (2022).
Google Scholar
Mangiarotti, A., Chen, N., Zhao, Z., Lipowsky, R. & Dimova, R. Wetting and complex remodeling of membranes by biomolecular condensates. Nat. Commun. 14, 2809 (2023).
Google Scholar
Mori, S. & Barth, H. G. Size Exclusion Chromatography (Springer, 2011).
Snyder, L. R., Kirkland, J. J. & Dolan, J. W. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography (Wiley, 2010).
Deegan, R. D. et al. Capillary flow as the cause of ring stains from dried liquid drops. Nature 389, 827–829 (1997).
Google Scholar
Yunker, P. J., Still, T., Lohr, M. A. & Yodh, A. G. Suppression of the coffee-ring effect by shape-dependent capillary interactions. Nature 476, 308–311 (2011).
Google Scholar
Wong, T.-S., Chen, T.-H., Shen, X. & Ho, C.-M. Nanochromatography driven by the coffee ring effect. Anal. Chem. 83, 1871–1873 (2011).
Google Scholar
Tanner, L. H. The spreading of silicone oil drops on horizontal surfaces. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 12, 1473–1484 (1979).
Google Scholar
Bonn, D., Eggers, J., Indekeu, J., Meunier, J. & Rolley, E. Wetting and spreading. Rev. Mod. Phys. 81, 739–805 (2009).
Google Scholar
Hayes, R., Warr, G. G. & Atkin, R. Structure and nanostructure in ionic liquids. Chem. Rev. 115, 6357–6426 (2015).
Google Scholar
Mezger, M. et al. Molecular layering of fluorinated ionic liquids at a charged sapphire (0001) surface. Science 322, 424–428 (2008).
Google Scholar
Sauerbrey, G. The use of quartz oscillators for weighing thin layers and for microweighing. Z. Fur. Phys. 155, 206–222 (1959).
Google Scholar
Pappu, R. V., Cohen, S. R., Dar, F., Farag, M. & Kar, M. Phase transitions of associative biomacromolecules. Chem. Rev. 123, 8945–8987 (2023).
Google Scholar
Qian, D. et al. Tie-line analysis reveals interactions driving heteromolecular condensate formation. Phys. Rev. 12, 041038 (2022).
Google Scholar
Zhang, W. et al. Liquid–liquid equilibrium of aqueous two-phase systems containing poly(ethylene glycol) of different molecular weights and several ammonium salts at 298.15 K. Thermochim. Acta 560, 47–54 (2013).
Google Scholar
Wysoczanska, K. & Macedo, E. A. Influence of the molecular weight of PEG on the polymer/salt phase diagrams of aqueous two-phase systems. J. Chem. Eng. Data 61, 4229–4235 (2016).
Google Scholar
Zhao, X. et al. Glycosylated queuosines in tRNAs optimize translational rate and post-embryonic growth. Cell 186, 5517–5535 (2023).
Google Scholar
Entelis, S. G., Evreinov, V. V. & Gorshkov, A. V. Functionality and molecular weight distribution of telechelic polymers. Adv. Polym. Sci. 76, 129–175 (1987).
Gorbunov, A. & Trathnigg, B. Theory of liquid chromatography of mono- and difunctional macromolecules: I. Studies in the critical interaction mode. J. Chromatogr. A 955, 9–17 (2002).
Google Scholar
Le Ouay, B. et al. Selective sorting of polymers with different terminal groups using metal-organic frameworks. Nat. Commun. 9, 3635 (2018).
Google Scholar
Peng, S. et al. Efficient separation of nucleic acids with different secondary structures by metal–organic frameworks. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 142, 5049–5059 (2020).
Google Scholar
Schneider, C., Rasband, W. & Eliceiri, K. NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis. Nat. Methods 9, 671–675 (2012).
Google Scholar
Hau, W. L. W., Trau, D. W., Sucher, N. J., Wong, M. & Zohar, Y. Surface-chemistry technology for microfluidics. J. Micromech. Microeng. 13, 272–278 (2003).
Google Scholar
Chakraborty, A. & Sen, K. Impact of pH and temperature on phase diagrams of different aqueous biphasic systems. J. Chromatogr. A 1433, 41–55 (2016).
Google Scholar
Miller, W. L. & McPherson, R. H. The behavior of colloidal suspensions with immiscible solvents. J. Phys. Chem. 12, 706–716 (1908).
Williamson, J. C. Liquid–liquid demonstrations: phase equilibria and the lever rule. J. Chem. Educ. 98, 2356–2363 (2021).
Google Scholar
